Botany Plant- names → Sinhala Plant names. This name of the tree occurs in many place names. Mahasiyambala vaevkanda (Paddiapuliyankulammalai). Mahasiyambala weva (Periyapuliyankulam)Siyambala is an important part of Sri Lankan food preparations. Goraka (Garcinia cambogia, also known as Malabar. It is used in chutneys, sauces, relishes. It has been a part of folk medicine from ancient times, with. Tamarind being prescribed for use instead of Salt in Sanskrit texts. Krshna, Vishnu and Indra favoured. Today, the tree is used in Bonsai gardens as well. The pulp of the fruit contains tannins, saponins. Extracts are. gram+ and gramnegative bacteria. Salmonella. paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi, and. Staphylococcus aureus. It contains antioxidents and. Tamarind may be an important source of cancer chemopreventive. See Y. Sudjaroen. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 4. 3, Issue 1. November 2. 00. 5, Pages 1. It is a common for health remedy in Asia. Sri Lanka plant names in Sinhala, tamil, botany, ethnobotany, etymology, computer science sinhala glossary links to place names, old and new maps, philological. Plant material. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. (Mimosaceae) is a shrub up to eight feet high, with branches ending in thorns. The leaves are bipinnate, each. It is used as decoction. Leaves are used. as a herbal infusion for malarial fever, the fruit juice as an anti- septic, and scurvy and. Tamarind has been found to lower serum cholesterol and blood. Thus traditional remedicinal uses are: : Anthelminthic (expels worms), antimicrobial.
Datura plant). rash, rheumatism, saliva production, skin disinfectant/sterilization, sore. African natural products with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties: a review. A total 1. 07. 6 plants species representing 2. Previous phytochemical studies of ethnomedicinal plants of African origin used as antioxidants and for hepatoprotective properties led to characterization of approximately 1. A map of Africa indicating the subregions of the continent as used in this review is presented in Fig. 1. From the reviewed plants with antioxidant and related data; 3. Northern Africa, 3. Western Africa, 1. Central Africa, 1. Southern Africa, and 5. Eastern Africa (Fig 2). Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 gives a summary of the plant species that were tested, the family these plants belong to, the parts of the plants that were used to prepare the test samples, the solvent used for the extraction procedure and their potencies in different units depending on the protocol used. . The plants that have been extensively studied with regard to these activities belonged to the following families; Fababceae (6. Asteraceae (6. 3.Lamiaceae (5. 1. 3%), Moraceae (4.Euphorbiaceae (2.Combretaceae (2. 1. Tse 808 Vst Free Download . Malvaceae (1. 8. 1%) (Fig. The structures of the compounds isolated from some of the plants with antioxidant activities are presented in (Fig. Additional file 1). The plant parts that were tested for activities included the leaves, stems and stem bark, roots and root bark, pods, flowers and other aerial parts. Fig. 1. Map of Africa showing the different subregions. Fig. 2. Regional distribution of of investigated African plants with antioxidant potentials. Fig. 3. Percentage occurrence of the most investigated African plants families for antioxidants activities. Fig. 4. Structure of chemical compounds isolated from African plants with potential antioxidants and hepatoprotectives properties (Additional file 1)A number of procedures have been developed for assessment of in vitro antioxidant potencies of natural products. These protocols are based on two major chemical reactions including; hydrogen atom and electron transfer reactions. To determine the antioxidant potencies of the extracts and compounds using the hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms, one of the following parameters are measured; oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total radical antioxidant power (TRAP) and beta carotene bleaching potential. The second category involves electron transfer reactions that measures the following parameters; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), diphenyl- 2–picryl- hydrazyl radical scavenging assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and total phenol assay [2. Despite the recent popularity in antioxidant research, lack of standardized assays to compare research results from different research groups has been a major challenge [2. The antioxidant potencies of natural products reviewed in this study were categorized based on the degree of inhibitions of free radicals when tested using one or more of the procedures discussed above. In order to increase the reliability of the antioxidant results more than one protocols were used. However, in accordance with the criteria for evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activities of natural products [2. Extracts and compounds are considered to have high or significant capacity (IC5. L for extract and IC5. L for compounds), promising activity (IC5. L for extract and IC5. L for compounds), moderate activity (IC5. L for extract and IC5. L for compounds), while sample with IC5. L for extract and > 1. L for compounds were considered to have low antioxidant capacity.(2)Antioxidants activities of plant extracts are considered to be very high when FRAP was > 2. M/L, high when FRAP was 1. M/L, good when FRAP was 5–1. M/L, low when FRAP was 1–5 m. M/L and very low when FRAP was below 1 m. M/L.(3)When dealing with radical scavenging activity at a constant concentrat ion. Plant extracts were considered to exhibit low, medium, high and significant activities when their % RSA at 5. L were observed to be < 2. When dealing with DPPH radical scavenging activities on the basis of degree of color changes extracts are considered to have high or significant capacity when showed strong intensity of yellow coloration, moderate when showed moderate intensity of yellow colouration, and low capacity when showed moderate intensity of yellow colouration(5)When dealing with Trolox equivalents (TEAC), antioxidants activities of plants extracts are considered to be very high when activities was < 0. Trolox/g in ABTS and DPPH assay, moderate at 0. Trolox/g in ABTS and DPPH assay, low at 0. Trolox/g in ABTS and DPPH assay, while extract with trolox equivalents > 0. ABTS and DPPH assay respectively are considered inactive.(6)When dealing with in vitro hepatoprotective, plant extracts were considered to exhibit significant, medium and low hepatoprotective activities when inhibiting oxidation phenomena of > 8. L respectively. Many antioxidant compounds have been characterized form plants including flavonoids. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds with importants roles in scavenging free radicals and thus play vital roles in preventing oxidative stress associated disorders [4]. The antioxidant effects of flavonoids in biological systems are accredited to its capacity to transport electrons to free radicals, chelate metals, activate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce radicals of alpha- tocopherol or to inhibit oxidases while phenolic compounds exert it antioxidant activities by inactivating free radicals or preventing decomposition of hydroperoxide into free radicals [3. In this review the antioxidant potential of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds have been highlighted in Table 7. Table 7. Total phenol, total flavonoids and folic acid content of some African medicinal plants with Antioxidant potential. Evaluations of biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumins, bilirubins, super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase have been widely used in assessing the integrity of the liver [3. Therefore, the hepatoprotective capacities of natural products reviewed in this study were assessed based on the levels of ameliorative effect on hapatotoxicants induced alterations in level of these biochemical parameters (Table 8). Table 8. Hepatoprotective activity of some African medicinal plants. Antioxidant activities of extracts of plants from Western Africa. A total of 3. 41 plants species representing 7. Western Africa plants were documented to have antioxidant activities (Table 1). Plant extracts from twenty five plants showed significant antioxidant capacity (IC5. L). Fourty eight extracts revealed promising antioxidant activities with IC5. L; while 5. 9 extracts showed moderate antioxidant activities with IC5. L. Oke and Hamburger [3. Omale [3. 9] presented the antioxidants activities of some medicinal plant on the basis of degree of color changes in which methanol cortex, folium and radix extract of Cnestis ferruginea, funtumia elastica, Gongronema latifolia, Sphenocentrum jollyanum, Voacanga africana and Landolfia owariensis showed strong intensity of yellow coloration in DPPH radical scavenging assay and were considered to have very high antioxidants activities, while Leea gunensis, Hedranthera barteri, Icacina trichantha, Crinum purpurascenc and Byrsocarpus coccineus revealed moderate intensity of yellow colouration. Determination of antioxidant potential on the basis of FRAP, revealed that 9 plant extracts had minimal FRAP (< 1 m. M/L), 3. 7 including Althaeae radix, Foeniculi fructus, Cetrariae lichen and Phaseoli pericarpum had low FRAP (1–5 m. M/L), 1. 5 had good FRAP (5–1. M/L) while 8 had high FRAP (1. M/L) with the leaf extract of Mellisa officinalis having significant FRAP of 2. M/L [3. 0]. The extract of the leaves of Mellisa officinalis could be considered as the most suitable candidate for development into antioxidant phytomedicine. The constituent compounds should also be evaluated for their antioxidant potential.Phytochemical investigation of plants from Western Africa exhibiting antioxidant and related activities led to isolation of lophirones B (5.C (5. 1) (Table 6 and Fig. 3), from chloroform stem bark of Lophira alata. . These two compounds show significant antioxidants activities in DPPH assay (8.
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